Question 1

What causes recurrent urinary tract infections?

Accepted Answer

Recurrent UTIs are often caused by a combination of factors rather than repeated bacterial exposure alone. Common contributors include:

• Changes in vaginal estrogen levels
 • Pelvic floor dysfunction
 • Incomplete bladder emptying
 • Urinary retention
 • Pelvic organ prolapse with elevated post-void residuals
 • Sexual activity
 • Alterations in the urinary and vaginal microbiome

Question 2

How are recurrent UTIs evaluated?

Accepted Answer

Evaluation begins with a detailed medical history and review of prior urine cultures and treatments. A pelvic exam is often performed to assess vaginal tissue health, pelvic floor support, and bladder emptying. In some cases, additional testing such as Cystoscopy may be recommended to directly evaluate the bladder lining, and Renal Imaging may be used to assess the kidneys and urinary tract. For complex or treatment-resistant infections, collaboration with an infectious disease specialist may be appropriate.

Question 3

How are recurrent UTIs treated?

Accepted Answer

Treatment for recurrent urinary tract infections focuses on identifying underlying causes and reducing the risk of future infections rather than relying on repeated short courses of antibiotics alone. Based on your individual evaluation, treatment may include:

• Vaginal estrogen therapy
Helps restore vaginal and urethral tissue health in postmenopausal women, strengthening natural defenses against infection.
 • Pelvic floor physical therapy
Improves bladder emptying and pelvic muscle coordination, reducing urinary retention that can contribute to recurrent infections.
 • Behavioral and lifestyle modifications
Includes hydration strategies, bladder habits, sexual health counseling, and addressing constipation or other contributing factors.
 • Advanced urine testing with PCR technology (Microgen testing)
In women with persistent or recurrent symptoms, we may use PCR-based urine testing to identify bacteria that may not be detected on standard urine cultures. This testing can help identify organisms associated with bladder biofilm and chronic infection.
 • Targeted, longer-term antibiotic suppression when indicated
If bladder biofilm or persistent bacterial colonization is identified, treatment may include a longer-term, low-dose antibiotic suppression strategy designed to reduce bacterial load and prevent recurrent infections while minimizing unnecessary antibiotic exposure.
 • Non-antibiotic prevention strategies
May include additional therapies aimed at supporting urinary tract health and reducing bacterial adherence.

This comprehensive approach allows us to treat the underlying contributors to recurrent UTIs while reducing the cycle of repeated infections and frequent antibiotic use.

Question 4

Can pelvic organ prolapse cause recurrent UTIs?

Accepted Answer

Pelvic organ prolapse does not automatically cause recurrent UTIs. Prolapse may contribute to infection only when it interferes with bladder emptying and results in elevated post-void residual urine. If bladder emptying is normal, prolapse and recurrent UTIs are considered separate conditions that require independent evaluation.

Question 5

Is it safe to keep taking antibiotics for recurrent UTIs?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics are used in different ways depending on whether a urinary tract infection is actively present or whether the goal is long-term prevention.

Treatment antibiotics are prescribed at higher doses for a short period of time to treat an active UTI. These courses are effective for clearing infection but, when used repeatedly, may disrupt the normal vaginal and gastrointestinal microbiome and can increase the risk of yeast infections or antibiotic resistance.

Low-dose suppression antibiotics, when used appropriately, are different. These medications are prescribed at much lower doses over a longer period of time to prevent recurrent infections rather than treat active ones. This approach is commonly used in carefully selected patients and is supported by long-standing clinical experience.

When properly managed and monitored, low-dose suppression antibiotics are generally well tolerated and are designed to minimize disruption of gut and vaginal flora, reduce the risk of yeast infections, and lower the likelihood of antibiotic resistance compared to repeated short courses of high-dose antibiotics. Ongoing follow-up ensures the safest and most effective use of this strategy.

The decision to use treatment antibiotics, suppression therapy, or alternative prevention strategies is individualized. Our goal is always to reduce infection frequency while protecting long-term urinary, vaginal, and overall health.

Question 6

Are recurrent UTIs related to menopause?

Accepted Answer

Yes. Declining estrogen levels during menopause can thin vaginal tissues and alter the vaginal microbiome, increasing susceptibility to infection. Addressing menopausal changes is often a key part of preventing recurrent UTIs.

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections